Chisoni Chopweteka

 

I akhala milungu ingapo akukambirana ndi munthu amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Mwina palibe masewera olimbitsa thupi abwinoko omangira chikhulupiriro chako. Cholinga chake ndikuti zopanda nzeru ndi chizindikiro chokha cha zauzimu, chifukwa chisokonezo ndi khungu lauzimu ndizizindikiro za kalonga wamdima. Pali zinsinsi zina zomwe anthu omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu sangathe kuzithetsa, mafunso omwe sangathe kuyankha, ndi zina mwa moyo wa munthu komanso chiyambi cha chilengedwe zomwe sizingafotokozedwe ndi sayansi yokha. Koma izi angakane mwa kunyalanyaza nkhaniyi, kuchepetsa funso lomwe lili pafupi, kapena kunyalanyaza asayansi omwe akutsutsa malingaliro ake ndikungotchula omwe akuchita. Amasiya ambiri zopweteka zopweteka pambuyo pa "kulingalira" kwake.

 

 

CHITSULO CHA SAYANSI

Chifukwa amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amakana chilichonse Mulungu, sayansi kwenikweni amakhala “chipembedzo” chake. Ndiye kuti, watero chikhulupiriro kuti maziko a kafukufuku wasayansi kapena "njira yasayansi" yopangidwa ndi Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1627) ndi njira yomwe mafunso onse okhudzana ndi umunthu pamapeto pake adzathetsedwa kuti akhale chabe zinthu zachilengedwe. Njira yasayansi, mutha kunena, ndi "mwambo" wosakhulupirira. Koma chodabwitsa ndichakuti makolo oyambitsa sayansi yamakono anali pafupifupi onse zonenakuphatikizapo Bacon:

Ndizowona, kuti nzeru zazing'ono zimakhoterera malingaliro aumunthu kukhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu, koma kuzama mu nzeru kumabweretsa malingaliro a anthu ku chipembedzo; pakuti pamene malingaliro a munthu amayang'ana pazifukwa zachiwiri zomwazikana, nthawi zina zimatha kupumula mwa iwo, osapitilira; koma ikawona unyolo wawo wagawanika, ndikulumikizana, iyenera kuwuluka kupita ku Providence ndi Umulungu. - Sir Francis Bacon, Za Kukana Mulungu

Sindinakumanenso ndi yemwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu yemwe angafotokozere momwe amuna ngati Bacon kapena a Johannes Kepler — omwe adakhazikitsa malamulo oyendera mapulaneti okhudza dzuwa; kapena Robert Boyle-yemwe adakhazikitsa malamulo amipweya; kapena Michael Faraday — amene ntchito yake ya zamagetsi ndi maginito inasinthiratu fizikiya; kapena Gregor Mendel-yemwe adayala maziko a masamu a chibadwa; kapena William Thomason Kelvin-yemwe adathandizira kuyala maziko a fizikiya yamakono; kapena Max Planck-amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum; kapena Albert Einstein-yemwe adasintha malingaliro pachibwenzi pakati pa nthawi, mphamvu yokoka, ndikusintha kwa zinthu kukhala mphamvu… momwe amuna anzeru awa, onse amakonda kuwunika dziko kudzera mu mandala osamalitsa, okhwima, komanso olunjika akadatha kukhulupirirabe kuti Mulungu alipo. Kodi tingatani kuti amuna awa ndi malingaliro awo tiwalemekeze ngati, mbali ina, iwo ali anzeru, ndipo mbali inayo, kwathunthu ndi "opusa" mwamanyazi podzichepetsa kukhulupirira mulungu? Makhalidwe abwino? Kusamba ubongo? Kulamulira malingaliro? Zachidziwikire kuti malingaliro ogwirizana asayansiwa akanatha kununkhiza "bodza" lalikulu ngati theism? Mwinanso Newton, yemwe Einstein adamufotokoza ngati "waluntha waluso, yemwe adazindikira njira zakumadzulo zakuganiza, kufufuza, ndikuchita zomwe munthu aliyense asanakhalepo kuyambira pano" amapereka chidziwitso pazimene iye ndi mnzake anali:

Sindikudziwa zomwe ndingawoneke ngati dziko; koma kwa ine ndimawoneka ngati ndangokhala ngati mwana wamwamuna yemwe amasewera pagombe la nyanja, ndikudziyendetsa tsopano ndikupeza mwala wosalala kapena chipolopolo chokongola kuposa wamba, pomwe nyanja yayikulu ya chowonadi idali isanadziwike pamaso panga... Mulungu woona ndi wamoyo, wanzeru, ndi wamphamvu. Nthawi yake imafika kuyambira muyaya mpaka muyaya; Kukhalapo kwake kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto. Amalamulira zinthu zonse. -Zikumbutso za Moyo, Zolemba, ndi Kupeza kwa Sir Isaac Newton (1855) lolembedwa ndi Sir David Brewster (Volume II. Ch. 27); Mfundo, Kachiwiri Kachiwiri

Mwadzidzidzi, zimawonekera bwino. Zomwe Newton ndi akatswiri asayansi akale komanso am'mbuyomu anali nazo zomwe asayansi ambiri alibe lero kudzichepetsa. Kunali kudzichepetsa kwawo, makamaka, komwe kudawathandiza kuwona momveka bwino kuti chikhulupiriro ndi kulingalira sizitsutsana. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti zomwe asayansi atulukira -omwe anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu amawalemekeza masiku ano—Anali mkati mwa Mulungu. Iwo anali naye Iye mu malingaliro pamene iwo anatsegula magawo atsopano a chidziwitso. Kudzichepetsa kunawathandiza kuti "amve" zomwe anzeru ambiri masiku ano sangathe.

Akamamvera uthenga wachilengedwe komanso liwu lachikumbumtima, munthu amatha kufikira kukayika zakupezeka kwa Mulungu, chomwe chimayambitsa ndi kutha kwa chilichonse. -Katekisimu wa Katolika (CCC),  N. 46

Einstein anali kumvetsera:

Ndikufuna kudziwa m'mene Mulungu adapangira dziko lapansili, sindine chidwi ndi izi kapena zodabwitsazi, munthawi yazinthu izi kapena izi. Ndikufuna kudziwa malingaliro ake, zina zonse ndizatsatanetsatane. --Ronald W. Clark, Moyo ndi Nthawi za Einstein. New York: The World Publishing Company, 1971, p. 18-19

Mwina sizangochitika mwangozi kuti pamene amunawa adayesetsa kulemekeza Mulungu, Mulungu adawalemekeza mwa kubweza chophimba kumbuyo, ndikuwapatsa chidziwitso chakuya chazinthu zachilengedwe.

… Sipangakhale kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa chikhulupiriro ndi kulingalira. Popeza Mulungu yemweyo amene amavumbula zinsinsi ndi kupatsa chikhulupiriro wapatsa kuunika kwa malingaliro m'maganizo aumunthu, Mulungu sangadzikane yekha, kapena chowonadi sichingatsutse chowonadi konse… Wofufuza wodzichepetsa ndi wolimbikira wofufuza zinsinsi za chilengedwe akutsogozedwa, titero , ndi dzanja la Mulungu mosasamala kanthu za iye mwini, pakuti ndiye Mulungu, wosunga zinthu zonse, amene anawapanga monga momwe aliri. -CCC, n. Zamgululi

 

KUYANG'ANIRA NJIRA YINA

Ngati munakambiranapo ndi anthu okonda zoti kulibe Mulungu, mudzazindikira kuti palibe umboni uliwonse womwe ungawatsimikizire kuti kuli Mulungu, ngakhale akunena kuti ndi “otseguka” kwa Mulungu kutsimikizira kuti Iye alipo. Komabe, zomwe Mpingo umazitcha “maumboni”…

… Zozizwitsa za Khristu ndi oyera, maulosi, kukula kwa mpingo ndi chiyero, ndi kubala zipatso kwake ndi kukhazikika… -CCC, n. 156

… Amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu ndi “achinyengo”. Zozizwitsa za Khristu ndi oyera mtima zitha kufotokozedwa mwachilengedwe, akutero. Zozizwitsa zamakono zotupa zimasowa nthawi yomweyo, ogontha kumva, akhungu kuwona, ngakhale akufa akuukitsidwa? Palibe chodabwitsa pamenepo. Zilibe kanthu kuti dzuwa livine mlengalenga ndikusintha mitundu yotsutsana ndi malamulo a fizikiya monga zidachitikira ku Fatima pamaso pa achikominisi 80, okayikira, ndi atolankhani akudziko… zonse zimafotokozedwa, atero amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Izi ndizopanga zozizwitsa za Ukaristia komwe Wokondedwayo watembenukira mtima minofu kapena magazi ambiri. Zodabwitsa? Zovuta chabe. Maulosi akale, monga mazana anayi kapena kupitirirapo omwe Khristu adakwaniritsa mu Kumva, Kufa, ndi Kuuka Kwake? Chopangidwa. Maulosi odabwitsa a Namwali Wodala omwe akwaniritsidwa, monga masomphenya ndi zoneneratu zakuphedwa komwe kunaperekedwa kwa owonera ana a Kibeho kusanachitike kuphedwa kwa Rwanda? Zinangochitika mwangozi. Thupi losawonongeka lomwe limatulutsa kununkhira ndikulephera kuvunda pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri? Chinyengo. Kukula ndi chiyero cha Mpingo, zomwe zidasintha Europe ndi mayiko ena? Zamkhutu za mbiriyakale. Kukhazikika kwake mzaka mazana ambiri monga zidalonjezedwa ndi Khristu mu Mateyu 16, ngakhale pakati pamanyazi ogona ana? Mere malingaliro. Zochitika, maumboni, ndi mboni-ngakhale atakhala mamiliyoni? Ziwerengero. Kuyerekeza kwamaganizidwe. Kudzinyenga.

Kwa osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu chenicheni sizitanthauza kanthu pokhapokha zitasanthulidwa ndikuwunikiridwa ndi zida zopangidwa ndi anthu zomwe wasayansi waika chikhulupiriro kuti ndizo njira zenizeni zofotokozera zenizeni. 

Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amatha kunyalanyaza malingaliro anzeru ambiri pantchito za sayansi, maphunziro, ndi ndale lero samangokhulupirira Mulungu, koma ambiri atembenuzidwa ku Chikhristu kuchokera kukana Mulungu. Pali mtundu wina wamanyazi waluso pomwe omwe sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amadziona ngati "akudziwa" pomwe onsewa ndi ofanana ndi anzeru zam'nkhalango zodzikongoletsa pankhope zakale. Timakhulupirira chifukwa chakuti sitingathe kuganiza.

Zimatikumbutsa mawu a Yesu akuti:

Ngati sadzamvera Mose ndi aneneri, sadzakopeka mtima ngakhale wina akauke kwa akufa. (Luka 16:31)

Kodi pali chifukwa china chomwe anthu osakhulupirira Mulungu amaoneka ngati akuyang'ana mbali ina poyang'anizana ndi umboni woposa wauzimu? Wina akhoza kunena kuti tikunena za malo achitetezo a ziwanda. Koma sizinthu zonse zauchiwanda. Nthawi zina amuna, atapatsidwa mphatso ya ufulu wakudzisankhira, amangokhala onyada kapena ouma khosi. Ndipo nthawi zina, kukhalapo kwa Mulungu kumakhala kovuta kuposa china chilichonse. Mdzukulu wa a Thomas Huxley, omwe anali mnzake wa Charles Darwin, adati:

Ndikuganiza chifukwa chomwe tidadumphira pachiyambi cha zamoyo ndichakuti lingaliro la Mulungu lidasokoneza zikhumbo zathu zakugonana. -Whistleblower, February 2010, Voliyumu 19, Na. 2, p. 40.

Pulofesa wa filosofi ku Yunivesite ya New York, a Thomas Nagel, akugwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka popanda Mulungu:

Ndikufuna kuti kukhulupilira kuti Mulungu kulibe choona ndipo sindisangalala ndikuti ena mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri komanso odziwa zambiri ndimakhulupirira zachipembedzo. Sikuti ndimangokhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu ndipo, mwachibadwa, ndimayembekezera kuti ndili ndi chikhulupiriro chenicheni. Ndikuti ndikuyembekeza kuti kulibe Mulungu! Ine sindikufuna kuti pakhale Mulungu; Sindikufuna kuti chilengedwe chikhale chonchi. — Ayi.

Tsopano, kuona mtima kutsitsimula.

 

KUKHALA KWAMBIRI

Tcheyamani wakale wa chisinthiko ku Yunivesite ya London adalemba kuti chisinthiko chimavomerezedwa…

… Osati chifukwa chitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi chowonadi koma kuti njira yokhayo, chilengedwe chapadera, ndichodziwika bwino. -DMS Watson, Whistleblower, February 2010, Voliyumu 19, Na. 2, p. 40.

Komabe, ngakhale adatsutsa moona mtima ngakhale omwe amatsutsa chisinthiko, bwenzi langa losakhulupirira Mulungu lidalemba kuti:

Kukana chisinthiko ndiko kukhala wokana mbiriyakale mofanana ndi iwo omwe amakana kuphedwa.

Ngati sayansi ndi "chipembedzo" chonena kuti kulibe Mulungu, chisinthiko ndi umodzi mwamabuku ake. Koma chomvetsa chisoni ndichakuti asayansi ambiri osintha okha amavomereza kuti palibe chotsimikizika chokhudza momwe selo yoyamba yamoyo idapangidwira osalekanso zomangira zoyambirira, kapenanso momwe "Big Bang" idayambitsidwira.

Malamulo a thermodynamic amati zinthu zonse pamodzi ndi mphamvu zake sizimasinthasintha. Ndizosatheka kupanga zinthu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena chinthu; ndizosatheka kupanga mphamvu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu kapena mphamvu. Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics limanena kuti entropy yathunthu ikuchulukirachulukira; chilengedwe chiyenera kusunthika kuchokera ku dongosolo kupita ku chisokonezo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azindikire kuti zinthu zina zomwe sizinalengedwe, tinthu, mphamvu, kapena mphamvu ndizomwe zimayambitsa zolengedwa zonse ndi mphamvu ndikupereka dongosolo loyambirira m'chilengedwe chonse. Kaya izi zidachitika kudzera mu Big Bang kapena kudzera mukutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa Genesis sizothandiza. Chofunikira ndichakuti payenera kukhala zinthu zina zomwe sizinalengedwe zomwe zimatha kupanga ndikupanga dongosolo. --Bobby Jindal, Milungu Yosakhulupirira Mulungu, Katolika

Komabe, anthu ena amene amakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu amaumirira kuti “kukana chisinthiko ndiko kukhala anzeru ndi wokana chipolowe.” Ndiye kuti, ayika fayilo ya chikhulupiriro chachikulu mwa china chomwe sangathe kutsimikizira. Amakhulupirira kwathunthu mphamvu za sayansi, ngati chipembedzo, ngakhale zitakhala zopanda mphamvu zofotokozera zosamvetsetseka. Ndipo ngakhale atakhala ndi umboni wochuluka woti kuli Mlengi, akuumirira kuti amene anayambitsa chilengedwe chonse sangakhale Mulungu, mwakutero, kusiya chifukwa. Wosakhulupilira Mulungu, tsopano, wasandulanso chinthu chomwe amanyansidwa nacho mu Chikhristu: a wachikhazikitso. Pomwe Mkhristu m'modzi akhoza kumamatira kumasulira kwenikweni kwa chilengedwe m'masiku asanu ndi limodzi, munthu wosakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu amamatira pachikhulupiriro chake pakusintha popanda umboni wosatsimikizika wa asayansi… kapena pamaso pa zozizwitsa, amamatira kuzopeka pomwe akutaya umboni womveka. Mzere womwe umagawaniza anthu awiri okhazikikawo ndiwochepa kwambiri. Wosakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo wokana zenizeni.

Pofotokoza mwamphamvu za "kuwopa chikhulupiriro" kopanda tanthauzo komwe kulipo pamalingaliro amtunduwu, katswiri wazodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi wa zakuthambo Robert Jastrow akufotokoza za akatswiri wamba asayansi:

Ndikuganiza kuti yankho lake ndiloti asayansi sangakhale ndi lingaliro lazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizingafotokozedwe, ngakhale ndi nthawi ndi ndalama zopanda malire. Pali mtundu wina wachipembedzo mu sayansi, ndi chipembedzo cha munthu amene amakhulupirira kuti pali dongosolo ndi mgwirizano m'chilengedwe chonse, ndipo chilichonse chomwe chikuyenera kukhala nacho chikuyenera kukhala nacho chifukwa chake; Palibe Choyambitsa Choyamba ... Chikhulupiriro chachipembedzo cha wasayansichi chimaphwanyidwa ndikupeza kuti dziko lapansi lidakhala ndi chiyambi munthawi yomwe malamulo odziwika a sayansi sakhala ovomerezeka, ndipo monga chotulukapo cha mphamvu kapena zochitika zomwe sitingazipeze. Izi zikachitika, wasayansi walephera kudziletsa. Ngati atawunikiranso zomwe zimakhudza, amakhumudwa. Monga mwachizolowezi akakumana ndi zoopsa, malingaliro amachitapo kanthu posanyalanyaza zomwe zimakhudza- mu sayansi izi zimadziwika kuti "kukana kulingalira" - kapena kupeputsa chiyambi cha dziko ndikulitcha Big Bang, ngati kuti Chilengedwe chinali chowotcha moto… Kwa wasayansi yemwe wakhala ndi chikhulupiriro mu mphamvu ya kulingalira, nkhaniyi imatha ngati loto loipa. Wachepetsa phiri la umbuli; ali pafupi kugonjetsa nsonga yayitali kwambiri; pamene akudzikoka kupita pathanthwe lomaliza, akulandiridwa ndi gulu la akatswiri azaumulungu omwe akhala pamenepo kwazaka zambiri. -Robert Jastrow, woyambitsa wamkulu wa NASA Goddard Institute for Space Study, Mulungu ndi Akatswiri a zakuthambo, Owerenga Library Inc., 1992

Chisoni chowawa, ndithudi.

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