Mkazi ndi Chinjoka

IT ndi chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa zochititsa chidwi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, ndipo Akatolika ambiri sadziwa. Mutu Wachisanu ndi chimodzi m'buku langa, Kukhalira Komaliza, ikufotokoza za chozizwitsa chodabwitsa cha chithunzi cha Dona Wathu wa ku Guadalupe, ndi momwe chimakhudzirana ndi Chaputala 12 cha Buku la Chivumbulutso. Chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zofala zomwe zavomerezedwa ngati zowona, komabe, mtundu wanga woyambirira udasinthidwa kuti uwonetsere kutsimikiziridwa zenizeni zasayansi zozungulira tilma pomwe chithunzicho chimakhalabe ngati chodabwitsa. Chozizwitsa cha tilma sichikusowa chokongoletsera; chimaima chokha ngati “chizindikiro cha nthawi” yaikulu.

Ndatulutsa Chaputala XNUMX pansipa kwa iwo omwe ali ndi buku langa. Kusindikiza Kwachitatu tsopano kulipo kwa iwo omwe angafune kuitanitsa makope owonjezera, omwe akuphatikizapo zomwe zili pansipa ndi zosintha zilizonse zomwe zapezeka.

Chidziwitso: mawu am'munsi pansipa ali ndi manambala mosiyana ndi zomwe zidasindikizidwa.

 

 

MUTU XNUMX: MKAZI NDI CHIGWIRA

Chizindikiro chachikulu chidawoneka kumwamba, mkazi wobvala dzuwa, mwezi uli pansi pa mapazi ake, ndi pamutu pake chisoti chachifumu cha nyenyezi khumi ndi ziwiri. Iye anali ndi pakati ndipo analira mofuula ndi ululu pamene anali kuvutikira kubala. Kenako chizindikiro china chinawonekera kumwamba; chinali chinjoka chofiira chachikulu, chokhala nayo mitu isanu ndi iwiri ndi nyanga khumi, ndipo pamitu pake panali akorona asanu ndi awiri. Mchira wake unasesa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyenyezi zakumwamba ndikuziponyera pansi. (Chiv 12: 1-4)

 

ZIMAYAMBA

Iwo anali amodzi mwamikhalidwe yokhetsa magazi kwambiri padziko lapansi. Akuyerekeza kuti Amwenye achi Aztec, omwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti Mexico, adapereka nsembe, limodzi ndi ena onse aku Mezzo-America, pafupifupi anthu 250,000 amakhala chaka chilichonse. ^[1]Woodrow Borah, yemwe mwina ndiye anali wamkulu pakukula kwa Mexico panthawi yolanda, wasinthanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaperekedwa nsembe pakatikati pa Mexico m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chisanu mpaka 250,000 pachaka. -http://www.sancta.org/patr-unb.html Mwambo wamagazi nthawi zina umaphatikizapo kuchotsa mtima wamunthu yemwe adakali moyo. Amalambira mulungu wa Njoka Quetzalcoatl yemwe amakhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake adzapangitsa milungu ina yonse kukhala yopanda pake. Monga mukuwonera, chikhulupiriro ichi chinali chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha anthuwo.

Munali mkati mwazi-wothira magazi chikhalidwe cha imfa, mu 1531 AD, kuti "Mkazi" adawonekera kwa wamba wamba momwe zimakhalira chiyambi cha a kutsutsana kwakukulu ndi njoka. Kodi adawonekera motani komanso liti lomwe limapangitsa maonekedwe ake kukhala ofunika kwambiri…

Kunali m'mawa pomwe Dona Wathu adafika ku St. Juan Diego pomwe amayenda m'midzi. Anapempha kuti tchalitchi chimangidwe paphiri pomwe mizimuyo inkachitika. St Juan adapita kwa Bishop ndi pempholi, koma adafunsidwa kuti abwerere kwa Namwali ndikupempha chikwangwani chozizwitsa monga umboni wakupezeka kwake. Kotero iye analangiza St. Juan kuti atole maluwa kuchokera ku Phiri la Tepeyac ndi kubwera nawo kwa Bishop. Ngakhale inali nthawi yachisanu, komanso nthaka yopanda pake, adapeza maluwa amtundu uliwonse ataphukira kumeneko, kuphatikiza maluwa achi Castile, omwe anali kwawo ku Spain - koma osati Tepeyac. St Juan adasonkhanitsa maluwawo mu tilma yake. ^[2]tilma kapena "chovala" Namwali Wodalitsidwayo adawakonzekeretsa kenako ndikumuperekeza kuti azipita. Atafutukula tilma pamaso pa Bishop, maluwawo adagwa pansi, ndipo mwadzidzidzi chithunzi chozizwitsa cha Dona Wathu chinawonekera pa nsalu.

 

MAYI ANU A GUADALUPE: Fanizo LAMOYO

Chozizwitsa chenichenicho chinali chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti bishopuyo sanatsutsane nacho. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, icho chidakhalabe chozizwitsa chokha chosatsutsidwa ndi Tchalitchi (ngakhale mu 1666, kafukufuku adachitika makamaka kuti afotokozere mbiri yakale.) Ndikofunikira kuyimilira kwakanthawi kuti muganizire za chozizwitsa ichi, chifukwa chimatsimikizira tanthauzo lalikulu za mawonekedwe awa.

Nsalu iyi ndi imodzi mwapadera kwambiri Nthawi zonse zozizwitsa m'masiku ano. Zomwe ndikufuna kufotokoza pansipa zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi, ndipo chodabwitsa, zimadziwika ndi ochepa mu Mpingo. Zowona kuti ukadaulo tsopano wokhoza, m'masiku athu ano, kupeza zina mwa zozizwitsa za tilma ndizofunikanso, monga ndikufotokozera.

Mu Ogasiti wa 1954, Dr. Rafael Torija Lavoignet adazindikira kuti maso ake akuwonetsa lamulo la Purkinje-Sanson. Ndiye kuti, anali ndi zithunzi zitatu zagalasi lofananira ndi khungu lamkati ndi lakunja ndi mandala akunja - mawonekedwe a anthu diso. Izi zidatsimikizidwanso mu 1974-75 ndi Dr. Enrique Graue. Mu 1985, zithunzi zonga tsitsi zamitsempha yamagazi zidapezeka m'makope akuthwa (omwe samazungulira magazi, malinga ndi mphekesera zina).

Mwina chodabwitsa kwambiri chinali kupezeka kwa ziwerengero za anthu mwa ana ake omwe palibe wojambula akanatha kujambula, makamaka pazilimba zoterezi. Zochitika zomwezi zimawonekera pa diso lililonse kuwulula zomwe zimawoneka ngati nthawi yomwe chithunzicho chidawonekera pa tilma.

Ndikotheka kuzindikira Mmwenye wokhala pansi, yemwe akuyang'ana kumwamba; mbiri yakumeta, bambo wachikulire wokhala ndi ndevu zoyera, monga chithunzi cha Bishopu Zumárraga, chojambulidwa ndi Miguel Cabrera, kuti asonyeze chozizwitsacho; ndi wachinyamata, mwachidziwikire womasulira Juan González. Palinso Mmwenye, mwachidziwikire Juan Diego, wazinthu zochititsa chidwi, wokhala ndi ndevu ndi masharubu, yemwe amatambasulira yekha pamaso pa bishopu; mkazi wa khungu lakuda, mwina kapolo wachinegro yemwe anali muutumiki wa bishopu; ndipo mwamuna wazinthu zaku Spain yemwe amayang'ana mopenyetsetsa, akusisita ndevu zake ndi dzanja. -Zenit.Org, Januware 14, 2001

Zithunzizi zikupezeka ndendende pomwe amayenera kukhala m'maso onse awiri, ndikuwonongeka pazithunzi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kupindika kwa diso la munthu. Zili ngati Dona Wathu anajambulidwa ndi tilma ngati mbale yojambula, maso ake ali ndi mawonekedwe a zomwe zidachitika panthawiyi chithunzicho chidawonekera pamaso pa Bishop.

Zowonjezera zowonjezera zamagetsi zapeza chithunzi, chosadalira chinacho, chomwe chili mu pakati la maso ake. Ndi wa Mmwenye banja wopangidwa ndi mkazi, mwamuna ndi ana angapo. Ndikambirana kufunikira kwa izi mtsogolo.

Tilma amapangidwa Ayate, nsalu yoluka yokhotakhota yopangidwa ndi ulusi wa ixtle. Ric hard Kuhn, wopambana mphotho ya Nobel mu chemistry, wapeza kuti chithunzi choyambirira sichikhala ndi mitundu yachilengedwe, nyama, kapena mchere. Popeza kuti kunalibe mitundu yodzikongoletsera mu 1531, gwero la zikopazo silikudziwika. Zenit News Agency inanena kuti mu 1979, anthu aku America a Philip Callahan ndi a Jody B. Smith adaphunzira chithunzichi pogwiritsa ntchito ma infrared infrared ndipo adazindikiranso, kuti kudalibe utoto kapena maburashi, ndikuti nsaluyo sinalandiridwepo njira zamtundu uliwonse. Palibe makulidwe a utoto, chifukwa chake palibe zomwe timakonda kuziona, titi, penti yamafuta pomwe mitundu "imasungunuka" limodzi. Zingwe za ixtle zimawonekeranso kudzera pazigawo za fanolo; ndiye kuti, mabowo a nsaluyo amawoneka kudzera mu utoto wopereka tanthauzo loti chithunzicho "chimakweza," ngakhale chikukhudzadi nsaluyo.

Pofotokoza izi pamsonkhano wapapa ku Roma, wopanga zida zachilengedwe ku Peru adafunsa kuti:

[Kodi] ndizotheka bwanji kufotokoza chithunzichi komanso kusasinthasintha kwake munthawi yopanda utoto, pa nsalu yomwe sinalandiridwepo? [Zatheka bwanji] kuti, ngakhale kulibe utoto, mitunduyo imakhalabe yowala komanso yowala? —José Aste Tonsmann, ku Mexico Center ya Maphunziro a Guadalupan; Roma, Januware 14, 2001; Zenit.org

Kuphatikiza apo, pakalingaliridwa za kuti palibe chojambula, sizing, kapena varnish yochulukirapo, ndikuti nsalu yokhayo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupangitsa chithunzicho kukhala chakuya, palibe kufotokozera kwa chithunzicho kotheka ndi maluso a infrared . Ndizodabwitsa kuti, mzaka zopitilira zinayi, palibe kufota kapena kusokonekera kwa chiwonetsero choyambirira pagawo lililonse la ayate tilma, lomwe silinali laling'ono, liyenera kuti lidasokonekera zaka mazana zapitazo. —Dr. Philip C. Callahan, Mary waku America, lolembedwa ndi Christopher Rengers, OFM Cap., New York, St. Pauls, Alba House, 1989, p. 92f.

Zowonadi, tilma imawoneka ngati yosawonongeka. Nsalu ya Ayate imakhala ndi moyo wazaka zosapitirira 20-50. Mu 1787, Dr. Jose Ignacio Bartolache adapanga zojambula ziwiri, kuyesa kuyambiranso choyambirira molondola momwe angathere. Anaika awiri a makope amenewa mu Tepeyac; imodzi mnyumba yotchedwa El Pocito, ndipo inayo m'malo opatulika a St. Mary waku Guadalupe. Sizinakhalepo ngakhale zaka khumi, zomwe zidatsimikizira kuwonongeka kodabwitsa kwa chithunzi choyambirira: Patha zaka 470 kuchokera pomwe Dona Wathu adawonekera pa tilma ya St. Juan. Mu 1795, asidi wa nitric adakhuthuka mwangozi mbali yakumanja ya tilma, yomwe ikadayenera kusungunula ulusiwo. Komabe, banga lofiirira limatsalira pa nsalu yomwe ena amati ikupepuka pakapita nthawi (ngakhale Tchalitchi sichinanene izi.) Pa chochitika china choyipa mu 1921, munthu wina adabisa bomba lamphamvu kwambiri pamaluwa ndikuyika iyo pamapazi a tilma. Kuphulikako kunawononga mbali za guwa lansembe lalikulu, koma tilma, yomwe iyenera kuti idawonongeka, idatsalira. ^[3]Onani www.truthsoftheimage.org, tsamba lolondola lomwe linapangidwa ndi a Knights of Columbus

Ngakhale kutulukaku kwaukadaulo kumalankhula kwambiri ndi anthu amakono, a zithunzi pa tilma ndi zomwe zimayankhula ndi anthu aku Mezzo-amereka.

A Mayan amakhulupirira kuti milungu imadzipereka chifukwa cha amuna, chifukwa chake, anthu tsopano ayenera kupereka magazi kudzera mu nsembe kuti milunguyo ikhale yamoyo. Pa tilma, Namwaliyo wavala gulu lachi India lakusonyeza kuti ali ndi pakati. Gulu lakuda lakuda ndilo zokha kwa Dona Wathu wa Guadalupe chifukwa chakuda ndi mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Quetzalcoatl, mulungu wawo wachilengedwe. Uta wakuda umamangiriridwa m'malupu anayi ngati duwa la petalayi lomwe lidayimilira anthu akomweko malo okhalamo Mulungu komanso chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, akadamvetsetsa Mkazi uyu - wokhala ndi pakati ndi "mulungu" - kuti akhale wamkulu kuposa Quetzalcoatl. Mutu wake woweramitsa modekha, komabe, umawonetsa kuti Yemwe adamunyamula anali wamkulu kuposa iye. Chifukwa chake, chithunzichi "chidalalikira" anthu aku India omwe adazindikira kuti Yesu, osati Quetzalcoatl - ndiye Mulungu amene amapangitsa ena onse kukhala opanda pake. Juan ndi amishonale aku Spain atha kufotokoza kuti Nsembe Yake Yamagazi ndiyo yokhayo yofunikira…

 

MAFUNSO A M'BAIBULO

Tiyeni tibwererenso ku Chivumbulutso 12:

Chizindikiro chachikulu chidawoneka kumwamba, mkazi wobvala dzuwa, mwezi uli pansi pa mapazi ake, ndi pamutu pake chisoti chachifumu cha nyenyezi khumi ndi ziwiri.

Pamene St. Juan adamuwona Dona Wathu koyamba pa Tepeyac, adalongosola kuti:

… Zovala zake zinali kunyezimira ngati dzuwa, ngati kuti zikutulutsa mafunde akuwala, ndipo mwalawo, thanthwe lomwe adayimilira, zimawoneka kuti zikupereka kunyezimira. -Nican Mopohua, Don Antonio Valeriano (c. 1520-1605 AD,), n. 17-18

Chithunzicho chikuwoneka kuti chikuwonetsa zochitikazi ngati kuwala kwa kuwala kumafalikira kuzungulira tilma.

Ananyezimira ndi kukongola kwa mawonekedwe ake ndipo nkhope yake idali yosangalatsa mokongola kwambiri (Estere D: 5)

Zadziwika kuti nyenyezi zomwe zidavala malaya athu zili bwino monga momwe akanawonekera kumwamba ku Mexico pa Disembala 12, 1531 nthawi ya 10:40 m'mawa, thambo lakum'mawa pamwamba pamutu pake, ndi thambo lakumpoto kumanja kwake (ngati kuti adayimilira pa equator). Gulu la nyenyezi Leo (m'Chilatini lotanthauza “mkango”) likadakhala pachimake penipeni pa tanthauzo lake kuti chiberekero ndi duwa lokhala ndi maluwa anayi — pakatikati pa chilengedwe, malo okhalamo Mulungu - lili molunjika pamalopo, kuti lero, Cathedral ku Mexico City komwe tilma tsopano ili. Osati mwangozi, tsiku lomwelo, mapu a nyenyezi akuwonetsa kuti panali kachigawo kakang'ono mumlengalenga usiku womwewo. Dr. Robert Sungenis, yemwe adaphunzira za ubale wa tilma ndi magulu a nyenyezi panthawiyo, adamaliza kuti:

Popeza kuchuluka ndi kusungidwa kwa nyenyezi pa tilma kumatha kukhala zopangidwa ndi wina aliyense koma dzanja laumulungu, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithunzichi sizichokeradi mdziko lino.  -Zatsopano Zatsopano za Magulu A nyenyezi pa Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Catholic Apologetics International, pa Julayi 26, 2006

Kutanthauzira kuchokera ku "mapu" a nyenyezi pa chovala chake, modabwitsa, a Corona Borealis Gulu la nyenyezi (Boreal Crown) lili ndendende pamutu pa Namwaliyo. Dona wathu wavala korona weniweni ndi nyenyezi kutengera mtundu wa tilma.

Kenako chizindikiro china chinawonekera kumwamba; chinali chinjoka chofiira chachikulu, chokhala nayo mitu isanu ndi iwiri ndi nyanga khumi, ndipo pamitu pake panali akorona asanu ndi awiri. Mchira wake unasesa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyenyezi zakumwamba ndikuziponyera pansi. Kenako chinjoka chinaimirira pamaso pa mkazi amene anali pafupi kubereka, kuti chimulize mwana wake akabereka. (Chiv 12: 3-4)

Magulu a nyenyezi awulula zambiri, makamaka, kupezeka kwa kulimbana ndi zoyipa:

Draco, chinjoka, Scorpios, chinkhanira choluma, ndi Hydra njoka, amapita kumpoto, kumwera ndi kumadzulo, motsatana, ndikupanga makona atatu, kapena mwina utatu wonyoza, wozungulira mkazi kuchokera mbali zonse, kupatula kumwamba. Izi zikuyimira kuti Amayi athu akumenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi Satana nthawi zonse monga momwe tafotokozera pa Chiv 12: 1-14, mwina mwangozi ndi chinjoka, chilombocho, ndi mneneri wonyenga (cf. Chiv. 13: 1-18). M'malo mwake, mchira wa Hydra, womwe umawoneka wofanana ndi mphanda pachithunzichi, uli pansipa pa Virgo, ngati kuti ukuyembekezera kuti udye Mwana amene amuberekere… —Dr. Robert Sungenis, -Zatsopano Zatsopano za Magulu A nyenyezi pa Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Catholic Apologetics International, pa Julayi 26, 2006

 

DZINA

Mayi wathu adadziwonetseranso kwa amalume ake a St. Juan, ndikumuchiritsa nthawi yomweyo. Amadzitcha "Santa Maria Tecoatlaxopeuh": Namwali Wangwiro, Maria Woyera wa Guadalupe. Komabe, "Guadalupe" ndi Spanish / Arabic. Mawu achiaziteki olankhula Chinawato “chiopeo, ”Lomwe limatchedwa kuti quatlasupe, limawoneka ngati liwu lachi Spain"Guadalupe. ” Bishopu, yemwe samadziwa chilankhulo cha Nahuatl, adaganiza kuti amalume ake amatanthauza "Guadalupe," ndipo dzinalo "limangika."
Mawu mwana amatanthauza njoka; tla, pokhala dzina lomaliza, limatha kutanthauziridwa kuti "the"; pamene mochita amatanthauza kuphwanya kapena kupondaponda. Chifukwa chake ena akuganiza kuti Dona Wathu mwina adadzitcha yekha "amene aphwanya njoka," ^[4]http://www.sancta.org/nameguad.html; onani. Gen 3:15 ngakhale uko ndikutanthauzira kwakumadzulo. Kapenanso, mawu oti Guadalupe, obwerekedwa kwa Aluya, amatanthauza Wadi al Lub, kapena ngalande ya mtsinje— ”chimene icho amatsogolera madzi. ” Chifukwa chake, Dona Wathu amadziwikanso kuti ndiye amene amatsogolera kumadzi… “madzi amoyo” a Khristu (Yoh 7:38). Mwa kuyima pamwezi, womwe ndi chizindikiro cha Mayan cha "mulungu wa usiku", Amayi Odala, motero Mulungu amene amanyamula, amawonetsedwa kuti ndi wamphamvu kuposa mulungu wamdima. ^[5]Chizindikiro cha Chithunzichi, 1999 Office of Respect Life, Dayosizi ya Austin

Kupyolera mu chifanizo chonse cholemera ichi, maonekedwe ndi tilma adathandizira kubweretsa kutembenuka kwa mbadwa za 7-9 miliyoni mkati mwa zaka khumi, kuthetsa nsembe za anthu kumeneko. ^[6]Zachisoni, panthawi yofalitsa izi, Mexico City yasankha kubwezeretsa zopereka zaumunthu mwakuchotsa mimba mwalamulo ku 2008. Pomwe olemba ndemanga ambiri amayang'ana zochitika ndi chikhalidwe cha imfa chomwe chinafala kwambiri panthawi yamasiku ano ngati chifukwa chomwe Amayi athu adawonekera pamenepo, ndikukhulupirira kuti pali china chachikulu komanso zamatsenga tanthauzo lomwe limapitilira chikhalidwe cha Aaziteki. Zimakhudzana ndi njoka yomwe imayamba kuterera mu udzu wamtali, wazikhalidwe zakumadzulo ...

 

CHIJOKA CHIWONEKERA: CHIKHULUPIRIRO

Satana samadziwonetsera kawirikawiri. M'malo mwake, monga Chinjoka cha ku Indonesia cha Komodo, amabisala, kudikirira kuti nyama yake idutse, kenako amawakantha ndi ululu wake wakupha. Nyamayo itagonjetsedwa ndi poyizoni wake, Komodo amabwerera kudzamaliza. Momwemonso, pokha pokha magulu atagonjetsedwa kwathunthu ku mabodza ndi zonyenga za satana pomwe pamapeto pake amakweza mutu wake, womwe ndi imfa. Apa ndipomwe timadziwa kuti njokayo yadziulula kuti "itha" kulanda:

Iyeyu adali wambanda kuyambira pachiyambi… ali wabodza, ndi atate wake wabodza. (Juwau 8:44)

Satana amafesa bodza lake, ndipo chipatso chake ndi imfa. Pamagulu azikhalidwe, chimakhala chikhalidwe chomenyera chokha ndi ena.

Ndi nsanje ya mdierekezi, imfa inadza m'dziko lapansi, ndipo iwo amene ali kumbali yake amatsata. (Nzeru 2: 24-25; Douay-Rheims)

M'zaka za zana la 16 ku Yuropu, atangotuluka kumene Dona Wathu wa ku Guadalupe, chinjoka chofiira chinayambitsanso bodza lake lomaliza m'maganizo a anthu: kuti ifenso titha kukhala "ngati milungu" (Gen 3: 4-5).

Kenako chizindikiro china chinawonekera kumwamba; inali chinjoka chofiira chachikulu…

Zaka mazana am'mbuyomu zidakonzera dothi bodza ili chifukwa kugawanika mu Tchalitchi kudafooketsa ulamuliro wake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika kudamuwononga kukhulupirika. Cholinga cha Satana — kukhala munthu wopembedzedwa mmalo mwa Mulungu ^[7]Chivumbulutso 13: 15-Kuyamba mochenjera popeza, panthawiyo, mungaonedwe kuti ndinu osamakhulupirira Mulungu.

Malingaliro a chinyengo idayambitsidwa ndi woganiza wachingerezi Edward Herbert (1582-1648) pomwe chikhulupiriro cha Wamkulukulu chimasungidwa, koma popanda ziphunzitso, popanda mipingo, komanso osavumbulutsidwa pagulu:

Mulungu anali Wamkulukulu yemwe adapanga chilengedwe ndikuchiyikira ku malamulo ake. —Fr. Frank Chacon ndi Jim Burnham, Kuyambira Apologetics 4, p. 12

Chipatso cha kulingalira uku chimadziwikiratu nthawi yomweyo: kupita patsogolo kumakhala mtundu watsopano wa chiyembekezo chaumunthu, ndi "kulingalira" ndi "ufulu" monga nyenyezi zowongolera, ndikuwunika kwasayansi maziko ake. ^[8]Papa Benedict XVI, Lankhulani Salvi,n. 17, 20 Papa Benedict XVI akuwonetsa chinyengo kuyambira pachiyambi.

Masomphenya a pulogalamuyi atsimikizira momwe zinthu ziliri masiku ano… Francis Bacon (1561-1626) ndi iwo omwe adatsata nzeru zamakono zomwe adawalimbikitsa anali olakwika kukhulupirira kuti munthu adzawomboledwa kudzera mu sayansi. Chiyembekezo chotere chimafunsa zambiri za sayansi; chiyembekezo chotere ndichonyenga. Sayansi ingathandize kwambiri kuti dziko lapansi ndi anthu akhale anthu. Komabe imatha kuwonongera anthu komanso dziko lapansi pokhapokha ngati izitsogoleredwa ndi mphamvu zomwe zili kunja kwake. --Kalata Yamalemba, Lankhulani Salvi, n. Zamgululi

Chifukwa chake mawonekedwe atsopanowa adasinthika ndikusintha, kufikira mopitilira muyeso muzochita za anthu. Ngakhale panali kufunafuna chowonadi chabwino, akatswiri afilosofi adayamba kutaya zamulungu monga nthano yonyenga. Otsogola otsogola adayamba kuwunika dziko lowazungulira kokha ndi zomwe amayeza ndikuwatsimikizira mwamphamvu (mphamvu). Mulungu ndi chikhulupiriro sizingayesedwe, ndipo chifukwa chake adanyalanyazidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, komabe, pofuna kuti pakhale kulumikizana pang'ono pamalingaliro amulungu, Abambo Abodza adayambitsanso lingaliro lakale la kupembedza: chikhulupiriro chakuti Mulungu ndi chilengedwe ndi chimodzi. Lingaliro ili limachokera ku Chihindu (ndizosangalatsa kuti m'modzi mwa milungu yayikuru yachihindu ndi Shiva yemwe amawonekera ndi kachigawo mwezi pamutu pake. Dzina lake limatanthauza "wowononga kapena wosintha".)

Tsiku lina mwadzidzidzi, mawu oti "sophistry" adalowa m'maganizo mwanga. Ndinayang'ana mu dikishonale ndipo ndinapeza kuti mafilosofi onse omwe ali pamwambapa, ndi ena omwe adayambitsidwa munthawi imeneyi m'mbiri, amagwera pansi pamutuwu:

kusokoneza: mkangano wosagwira mwadala wowonetsa luntha la kulingalira ndi chiyembekezo chonyenga wina.

Apa ndikutanthauza kuti filosofi yabwino idalowetsedwa muukadaulo - "nzeru" yaumunthu, yomwe imachokera kwa Mulungu, m'malo moyandikira Iye. Kuphunzira kwausatana kumeneku pamapeto pake kudafika pachimake pa zomwe zimatchedwa "Chidziwitso." Unali gulu lanzeru lomwe linayamba ku France ndipo linasesa ku Europe konse m'zaka za zana la 18, likusintha kwambiri anthu ndipo, pamapeto pake, dziko lamakono.

Chidziwitso chinali gulu lokwanira, lokonzedwa bwino, komanso lotsogola kuti athetse Chikhristu pakati pa anthu amakono. Zinayamba ndi Chikhulupiriro monga chipembedzo chake, koma pamapeto pake adakana malingaliro onse opambana a Mulungu. Icho potsiriza chinakhala chipembedzo cha "kupita patsogolo kwaumunthu" ndipo iye "Mkazi wamkazi wa Kulingalira." -Bambo Fr. Frank Chacon ndi Jim Burnham, Kuyambira Apologetics Voliyumu 4: Momwe Mungayankhire Osakhulupirira Mulungu ndi New Agers, p. 16

Kulekanitsidwa kumeneku pakati pa chikhulupiriro ndi kulingalira kunabala "zisilamu" zatsopano. Chidziwitso:

Sayansi: otsutsa amakana kuvomereza chilichonse chomwe sichingawoneke, kuyezedwa, kapena kuyesedwa.
Kulingalira: chikhulupiriro chakuti zowona zokha zomwe tingadziwe motsimikiza zimapezeka kudzera m'malingaliro okha.
Kukonda chuma: chikhulupiliro chakuti chowonadi chokha ndicho chilengedwe chonse.
Chisinthiko: chikhulupiliro chakuti kusinthika kwa zinthu kumatha kufotokozedwa kwathunthu mwazinthu zachilengedwe, kupatula kufunikira kwa Mulungu kapena Mulungu ngati chifukwa chake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito: malingaliro akuti zochita ndizoyenera ngati zili zothandiza kapena zothandiza kwa ambiri.
Maganizo: chizolowezi chomasulira zochitika mwanjira zongoganiza, kapena kukokomeza kufunikira kwa zinthu zamaganizidwe. ^[9]Sigmund Freud anali tate wamasinthidwe anzeru / amisili, omwe amathanso kutchedwa Freudianism. Amadziwika kuti anali kunena kuti, "Chipembedzo sichinthu china koma ndimankhwala osokoneza bongo." (Karl Stern, The Third Revolution, tsamba 119)
Atheism: chiphunzitso kapena chikhulupiriro chakuti kulibe Mulungu.

Zikhulupirirozi zidafika pachimake mu French Revolution (1789-1799). Kusudzulana pakati pa chikhulupiriro ndi kulingalira kudakulirakulira mpaka kusudzulana pakati Mpingo ndi State. "Declaration of the Rights of Man" idapangidwa ngati chiyambi cha malamulo aku France. Chikatolika chidasiya kukhala chipembedzo chaboma; ^[10]Chidziwitso cha Ufulu chimatchula koyambirira kwake kuti chidapangidwa pamaso pa Wam'mwambamwamba, koma mwa zolemba zitatu zomwe atsogoleri achipembedzo adapereka, zotsimikizira ulemu chifukwa chachipembedzo komanso kupembedza pagulu, awiri adakanidwa pambuyo pake Zolankhula za Achiprotestanti, Rabaut Saint-Etienne, ndi Mirabeau, komanso nkhani yokhayo yokhudza zachipembedzo idanenedwa motere: . ” —Chikatolika Paintaneti, Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4874 ufulu waumunthu idakhala chidziwitso chatsopano, ndikukhazikitsa njira zokhazikitsira mphamvu - osati lamulo lachilengedwe komanso lamakhalidwe abwino, ndi ufulu wobadwira wosalandidwa - kutsimikizira amene amalandira maufuluwo, kapena amene satero. Kunjenjemera kwa zaka mazana awiri apitawo kunalowa m'malo mwa chivomerezi chauzimu ichi, chomwe chinayambitsa tsunami ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe popeza tsopano ndi Boma, osati Tchalitchi, lomwe lingatsogolere tsogolo la anthu - kapena kuwononga ngalawa ...

 

Mutu wachisanu ndi chiwiri ukupitiliza kufotokoza momwe Dona Wathu adapitilira kuwonekera monga chinjoka chidawonekera pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo mzaka mazana anayi zikubwerazi, ndikupanga "nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri" yomwe munthu wadutsamo. Kenako mitu yotsatirayi ilongosola momwe ife ziliri tsopano, m'mawu Odala a John Paul Wachiwiri, 'tikukumana ndi nkhondo yomaliza pakati pa Tchalitchi ndi otsutsana ndi Tchalitchi, Uthenga Wabwino ndi wotsutsana ndi uthenga wabwino. " Ngati mukufuna kuitanitsa bukuli, likupezeka pa :

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